1863, Haiti (Republic). Beautiful Copper 5 Centimes Coin. Pop 3/2! NGC MS-63 BN!

Description

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1863, Haiti (Republic). Beautiful Copper 5 Centimes Coin. Pop 3/2! NGC MS-63 BN!
Mint Year 1863
References: KM-
39.
Denominations: 5 Centimes
Condition:
Certified and graded by NGC as MS-63 BN!
Material: Copper
Weight: 2.5gm
Guillaume Fabre Nicolas Geffrard
, Duke of Tabara (September 19, 1806 – December 31, 1878) was a mulatto general in the Haitian army and President of Haiti from 1859 until his deposition in 1867. On April 18,1852, Faustin Soulouque made him Duke of Tabara. After collaborating in a coup to remove Faustin Soulouque from power in order to return Haiti back to the social and political control of the colored elite, Geffrard was made president in 1859. To placate the peasants he renewed the practice of selling state-owned lands and ended a schism with the Roman Catholic Church which then took on an important role in improving education. After surviving several rebellions, he was overthrown by Major Sylvain Salnave in 1867.
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Haiti
, officially the
Republic of Haiti
, is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic.
Ayiti
(
land of high mountains
) was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft). The total area of Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) and its capital is Port-au-Prince. Haitian Creole and French are the official languages.
Navigator Christopher Columbus landed at Môle Saint-Nicolas on 5 December 1492, and claimed the island for Spain. Nineteen days later, his ship the
Santa María
ran aground near the present site of Cap-Haïtien. Columbus left 39 men on the island, who founded the settlement of La Navidad.
The sailors carried endemic Eurasian infectious diseases. The natives lacked immunity to these new diseases, and died in great numbers in epidemics. The first recorded smallpox outbreak in the Americas occurred on Hispaniola in 1507. The
encomienda
system forced natives to work in gold mines and plantations.
The Spanish passed the Laws of Burgos, 1512–1513, which forbade the maltreatment of natives, endorsed their conversion to Catholicism, and gave legal framework to
encomiendas
.
The natives were brought to these sites to work in specific plantations or industries.
As a gateway to the Caribbean, Hispaniola became a haven for pirates during the early colonial period. The western part of the island was settled by French buccaneers. Among them was Bertrand d'Ogeron, who succeeded in growing tobacco. He attracted many French colonial families from Martinique and Guadeloupe.   European nations were competing for control in the New World, in the   Caribbean as well as in North America. France and Spain settled their   hostilities on the island by the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697, and divided Hispaniola between them.
France received the western third and subsequently named it Saint-Domingue.   To develop it into sugar cane plantations, they imported thousands of   slaves from Africa. Sugar was a lucrative commodity crop throughout the   eighteenth century. By 1789, approximately 40,000 French colonists lived   in Saint-Domingue. In contrast, by 1763 the French population of Canada, a much larger territory, had numbered 65,000. The French were vastly outnumbered by the tens of thousands of African slaves they had imported for decades to work on their plantations, which were   primarily devoted to the production of sugar cane. Particularly in the   north, slaves retained many ties to African cultures, religion and   language, as they were continually renewed by new imports. they   outnumbered whites by about ten to one.
The French-enacted
Code Noir
("Black Code"), prepared by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and ratified by Louis XIV,   had established rules on slave treatment and permissible freedoms.   Saint-Domingue has been described as one of the most brutally efficient   slave colonies; one-third of newly imported Africans died within a few   years. Many slaves died quickly from tropical diseases, smallpox, and typhoid fever. They had low birthrates, and there is evidence that some women aborted fetuses rather than give birth to them in slavery.
As in its Louisiana colony, French colonists provided some rights to free people of color,   the mixed-race descendants of female slaves (and later mixed-race   women) and white colonists. Over time, many were given freedom. They   established a separate class. White French Creole fathers frequently   sent their mixed-race sons to France for education. Some were admitted   to the military. More of the free people of color lived in the south of   the island, near Port-au-Prince,   and many intermarried within their community. They frequently worked as   artisans and tradesmen, and began to own some property. Some became   slaveholders. They petitioned the colonial government to expand their   rights.
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